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Abstract Why do political actors promote public transparency? Studies show that adherence to transparency can be both politically strategic, i.e., to tie the hands of the successor, and a result of observing the adoption of the policy made by other municipalities, i.e., to minimize the cost of information. We test both the political and the informational motivations to explain the adoption of transparency laws with a subnational analysis of the diffusion of LAI in Brazilian municipalities (2011-2019). Results show that both the informational and the political strategy motivations affect the probability of adopting the LAI. Socioeconomic factors are also important explanatory factors. However, an analysis of heterogeneous effects shows that the learning mechanism is relevant for reducing the impact of socioeconomic factors. This means that learning from neighboring municipalities minimizes the cost of information and the reliance on structural factors to promote transparency at the local level.
Resumen ¿Por qué los actores políticos promueven la transparencia pública? Los estudios muestran que la adhesión a la transparencia puede ser tanto políticamente estratégica, es decir, para atar las manos del sucesor, como resultado de la observación de la adopción de la política hecha por otros municipios, esto es, para minimizar el costo de la información. Probamos las motivaciones políticas e informativas para explicar la adopción de leyes de transparencia con un análisis subnacional de la difusión de la LAI en los municipios brasileños (2011-2019). Los resultados muestran que tanto las motivaciones de aprendizaje como las de estrategia política afectan la probabilidad de adopción de la LAI. Los factores socioeconómicos también son factores explicativos importantes. Sin embargo, un análisis de los efectos heterogéneos muestra que el mecanismo de aprendizaje es relevante para reducir el impacto de los factores socioeconómicos. Esto significa que aprender de los vecinos minimiza el costo de la información y la dependencia de factores estructurales para promover la transparencia a nivel local.
Resumo Por que os atores políticos promovem a transparência pública? Estudos mostram que a adesão à transparência pode ser tanto politicamente estratégica, ou seja, para atar as mãos do sucessor, quanto resultado da observação da adoção da política feita por outros municípios, isto é, para minimizar o custo da informação. Testamos as motivações políticas e informacionais para explicar a adoção de leis de transparência com uma análise subnacional da difusão da LAI nos municípios brasileiros (2011-2019). Os resultados mostram que tanto o aprendizado quanto as motivações da estratégia política afetam a probabilidade de adoção da LAI. Fatores socioeconômicos também são importantes fatores explicativos. No entanto, uma análise dos efeitos heterogêneos mostra que o mecanismo de aprendizagem é relevante para reduzir o impacto dos fatores socioeconômicos. Isso significa que aprender com os vizinhos minimiza o custo da informação e a dependência de fatores estruturais para promover a transparência em nível local.
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Brazil , Cities , Access to Information , PolicyABSTRACT
Resumo A intimidade entre dinheiro e voto tem sido exposta nas democracias contemporâneas por meio de sua influência nos resultados eleitorais e na produção de políticas públicas. Estudos apontam que a progressiva iniquidade entre os recursos financeiros dos candidatos nas eleições abala a democracia e promove a plutocracia, ou seja, amplia o domínio oligárquico dos processos políticos pelos cidadãos e pelos grupos mais ricos. Contribuindo para esse debate, o presente trabalho analisa a relação entre receitas de financiamento e o desempenho e o sucesso eleitoral de 317.107 candidaturas a vereador nas eleições de 2008, 2012 e 2016, em 441 municípios brasileiros com mais de 50 mil eleitores. Trata-se de um estudo inédito em sua abrangência temporal, que permite suprir uma carência de exames sobre eleições subnacionais, em especial nas disputas ao Legislativo municipal. Os dados utilizados têm origem no Tribunal Superior Eleitoral, nas tabelas de candidaturas, nos resultados e na prestação de contas. Os testes e as análises de dados e informações utilizam recursos estatísticos de correlação e regressão, além de medidas centrais e razão de chances. Os resultados permitem confirmar uma forte associação entre dinheiro, voto e sucesso eleitoral, inclusive no pleito de 2016, quando estiveram proibidas as doações empresariais. A manutenção de um padrão, tanto temporal quanto geográfico, indica a existência de características estruturais de caráter plutocrático no financiamento eleitoral dos candidatos a vereador nas cidades pesquisadas e, consequentemente, sobre a produção de políticas públicas no Brasil.
Resumen La intimidad entre dinero y voto ha sido expuesta en las democracias contemporáneas a través de su influencia en los resultados electorales y en la producción de políticas públicas. Los estudios muestran que la desigualdad progresiva entre los recursos financieros de los candidatos en las elecciones debilita la democracia y promueve la plutocracia, es decir, aumenta el dominio oligárquico en los procesos políticos por parte de los ciudadanos y grupos más ricos. Contribuyendo a este debate, el presente trabajo analiza la relación entre los ingresos por financiamiento y el desempeño y el éxito electoral de 317.107 candidatos a concejal en las elecciones de 2008, 2012 y 2016 en 441 municipios brasileños con más de 50 mil votantes. Es un estudio sin precedentes en su alcance temporal que permite suplir la falta de estudios sobre elecciones subnacionales, especialmente en disputas relacionadas con el Poder Legislativo Municipal. Los datos utilizados provienen del Tribunal Superior Electoral, de los cuadros de candidaturas, resultados y rendición de cuentas. Las pruebas y análisis de datos e información utilizan recursos estadísticos de correlación y regresión, además de medidas centrales y razón de probabilidades. Los resultados confirman una fuerte asociación entre dinero, votación y éxito electoral, incluso en las elecciones de 2016, cuando se prohibieron las donaciones corporativas. El mantenimiento de un patrón tanto temporal como geográfico indica la existencia de características estructurales de carácter plutocrático en el financiamiento electoral de los candidatos a concejal en las ciudades encuestadas y, en consecuencia, en la producción de políticas públicas en Brasil.
Abstract The close relationship between money and votes has been exposed in contemporary democracies through the influence of the former in election results and in the creation of public policies. Studies have pointed out that the progressive inequity of financial resources available to the candidates running for elections unbalances democracy and promotes plutocracy, increasing the oligarchical ruling over the political processes by the wealthiest citizens and groups. This work contributes to this debate by analyzing the relationship between fundraising and electoral performance and the success of 317,107 candidates running in local legislative elections in 2008, 2012, and 2016 in 441 Brazilian municipalities with over 50,000 inhabitants. This is an unprecedented study regarding its period, filling a gap in electoral studies on sub-national elections, particularly regarding elections for the legislative branch. Data was collected from the Brazilian Superior Electoral Court, from candidate lists, results, and accounting. The tests and data analysis and information employed correlation and regression statistical resources, along with central measures and odds ratio. The results confirmed a strong association between money, vote, and electoral success, including in the 2016 election when company donations had been prohibited. The maintenance of a pattern, regarding both time and geography, indicates the existence of structural characteristics of a plutocratic character in the election funding of those running for the council in the municipalities studied and, consequently, in the creation of public policies in Brazil.
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Public Policy , Capital Financing , Democracy , Economics , BrazilABSTRACT
Aim: To stem the risks of future climate change, more people need to be motivated to take actions that will mitigate the release of greenhouse gases into the environment. Important to this discussion was that these actions include both public and private sphere behaviors. Duration of Study: April 2016 to March 2017. Methodology: We surveyed individual’s beliefs about climate change and their stated willingness to take different actions to mitigate the risks of climate change. Results: Public sphere behaviors affect the environment only indirectly by influencing either public policies or other private sphere behaviors. Private sphere behaviors have direct environmental consequences but the consequences are small. Individual private sphere behaviors have environmentally significant impacts only in the aggregate when many people independently do similar things. Conclusion: Our study replicated many of the results from the literature, in particular, that individuals are most willing to engage in small private actions to mitigate climate change, and that at least for large private acts and public acts, individuals who describe themselves as Democrats are also more willing to engage in more costly acts. Our survey also showed an important effect from the 2016 election of President of USA. Following the election, Democrats stated an increased willingness to engage in public sphere acts over time. If more individuals engaging in more public acts can influence public policy and can convert other individuals to engage in more private acts over time, then electing leadership who is negative toward climate change can ultimately result in motivating more individual mitigation activity for climate change. Summary: This work shows that electing leaders who are negative toward climate change could provide a strong motivation for some individuals to be more willing to engage in public sphere acts over time to mitigate climate change.
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Scientific research of clinical disciplines has its own characteristics and requirements, in which the directions and topic selection are an essential step.This article introduces the author's experience in determining the directions and topics of clinical disciplinary research from the aspects of its practicality, advancement, innovativeness, feasibility and comprehensiveness, and some methods for cultivating medical graduates' ability of topic selection in clinical disciplinary research.
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On May 9th 2017, the 19th presidential election was held. This election was historically significant because of the impeachment of the former president. This election was held in a relatively short period of time, unlike the normal presidential elections. Therefore, there was not enough time to deliberate pledges for candidates and review pledges for the people. South Korea has suffered from many healthcare problems associated with low-birth rate, population aging, and low economic growth rate. In this paper, we compared the ‘10 main pledge’ of the major five candidates of the 19th presidential election and discussed focusing on the healthcare issue. As a result of comparing the 10 main pledge of the major candidates, it was difficult to find healthcare parts whereas there were lots of welfare parts existed. We need enough time to review and discuss pledges in the next election.
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Aging , Delivery of Health Care , Economic Development , KoreaABSTRACT
On May 10, 2017, Moon Jae-in's Government launched. The election pledges of Moon's Government in healthcare sector were extracted from those of president election camp and Democratic Party. The main pledges were enhancing the coverage of healthcare costs, management of healthcare costs for elderly, restructuring the health insurance contribution system, and improving the public nature of healthcare system. There are many policy tasks to realize the electoral pledge, especially, financial task is main. The National Planning and Advisory Committee are setting the policy priorities and making the detailed plans. Although this paper deals the initial evaluation of main election pledges, the precise evaluation is needed for the final plan of healthcare policy.
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Aged , Humans , Advisory Committees , Delivery of Health Care , Health Care Costs , Health Care Sector , Insurance, Health , MoonABSTRACT
Resumen La campaña electoral en España está regulada por la ley orgánica de régimen electoral general 5/1985, que no contempla ninguna medida específica para la cibercampaña. Este vacío legal motiva a los emisores a realizar una interpretación de la norma cuando se comunican en internet durante este periodo. Con el fin de explorar si el nuevo tempo y forma de comunicación en internet se corresponde con un nuevo espacio comunicativo, este estudio analiza los mensajes que políticos, periodistas y ciudadanos se intercambiaron en la jornada de reflexión de las últimas elecciones generales españolas (2011) y muestra cómo esta jornada, comprendida hasta la fecha como un día de reflexión silenciosa, cobra un nuevo sentido en internet.
Abstract Electoral campaigns in Spain are governed by Organic Law 5/1985 on the general election system, which does not include any specific measures on cybercampaigns. This legal vacuum has led the media to come up with their own interpretion of the regulations when engaging in Internet communications during this period. In order to explore whether the new speed and style of communicating by Internet is matched by a new communication space, this article analyzes the messages that politicians, journalists and citizens exchanged during the day of reflection in Spain’s last general election (2011), showing how what has, until now, been seen as a day of silent reflection takes on a new meaning with the Internet.
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Humans , Communications Media/legislation & jurisprudence , Internet/legislation & jurisprudence , Politics , Community Participation , Democracy , Government Regulation , SpainABSTRACT
Objective To study the effect of model nurse election on satisfaction degree with nursing. Methods A model nurse election group was set up to carry out objective assessment, recommendation from doctors, nurses and patients, and feedback. The results in the satisfaction of doctors, nurses and patients were compared between before and after the activity. Results The satisfaction rate of doctors , nurses and patients after implementation of model nurse election were all significantly higher than before the implementation (P<0.05). Conclusion model nurse election used in the nursing management can help to improve nursing management effectiveness, drive continuous improvement of nursing quality, build harmonious doctor-patient relationship, and ultimately enhance satisfaction of doctors, nurses and patients.
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Objective To statistically analyze financing of subjects of TCM preparation of National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC);To guide subject election of TCM pharmaceutics PhD. Methods Investigation and analysis were raised in this article in terms of application projects, amount of money, winning bid, and main responsible units of TCM preparation subjects of NSFC. Results Totally 186 funding projects with 60.58 million yuan were funded in the past 13 years. Liposome, nanoparticle, and micelle appeared frequently as new medicine delivery system. Meanwhile, microdialysis and pharmacokinetics were the hotspots of winning bid. Conclusion Based on the key questions in the development of TCM pharmaceutics and technological means of cross disciplines, subject election of TCM pharmaceutics PhD was suggested to focus on evaluation technique and quality evaluation system of new medicine delivery system. Meanwhile, the balance among basic researches, applied researches, and sustainable researches is also important.
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O objetivo do presente estudo foi analisar o debate eleitoral realizado entre sete candidatos à presidência do Brasil em 2014. A amostra composta pelos discursos disponibilizados na mídia foi submetida à análise temática de conteúdo. Destacaram-se entre os temas de análise: Programas Educacionais; Programas Sociais; Desenvolvimento Social e Econômico; Corrupção na Petrobrás; Outros Casos de Corrupção e Compromissos Assumidos. Como conclusão, os resultados enfatizam a importância da mídia na decisão do voto popular...
The aim of the present study was to analyze the electoral debate among seven candidates of Brazil´s presidency in 2014. A sample consisting of the speeches available in the media was submitted to thematic content analysis. Among the themes of analysis we pointed out: educational programs; social programs; social and economic development; Petrobras corruption; other instances of corruption and commitments. The results emphasize the importance of the media in voting decision...
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Humans , Address , Choice Behavior , Mass Media , Politics , Psychology, SocialABSTRACT
The present research is to examining the relationship between the use and rise of social media as tools for political parties‟ election campaign medium in India. In Indian election system social media has becoming an important medium in campaign. These new forms of media is assume as a central role in attracting voters and especially the new generation of young adults. Social media helps political parties and candidates in more effectively reach large number of voters in a short amount of time. Unlike traditional media social media allow politician to actively engage with their potential voters. Social media allows political parties and candidates to share their beliefs; goals and accomplishments directly with voters, making them feel more directly involved with the campaign. Social media allows candidates to give their supporters a behind-thescenes view of their campaign and more easily track engagement. These new forms of media also facilitate the collection of news most relevant to crucial target groups. The increases in the use and rise of social media are shown as significant and it is essential to do research. The present research is to give an attention to the use and rise of social media in the arena of politics and its impact in general and political participation by the general public. First the study is to examine for rise of social media as medium to reach voters. Secondly why people were using social media during election campaign, based on these uses and gratification approach. The present study is to propose to analyze the rise and use of social media as election campaign medium during election time is based on uses and gratification theory.
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An election is a formal decision making process by which a population chooses an individual to hold public office. Regular election serves to hold leaders accountable for their performance and permit an exchange of influence between the governor and the governed. As a result of the male dominated socio political structure, women are not getting proper space in the electoral politics of Manipur as a part of the Indian union. In almost all the elections, parliamentary as well as state legislative assembly, women voter outnumbered male voters in the state of Manipur. But upto 1990 no woman MLA was elected in Manipur. They have been contesting the election through different political parties and as independent candidates. But the rate of political participation is so high in the state. This small paper is an attempt to discuss about the value of electoral politics in a democratic country and the real position of women in the electoral politics of Manipur along with their nature of political participation.
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Executive members of the World Federation of Acupuncture and Moxibustion Societies (WFAS) are elected in the general assembly (GA), which is held once every four years. In addition, member societies that will host the upcoming WFAS conferences over the next 4 years are determined in the GA. <BR>Japan hosted the 3rd World Congress of Acupuncture and Moxibustion in 1993, but has not been invited to host the WFAS annual conference for the past 20 years. In the 8 th WFAS GA held in the Sydney Convention Centre Darling Harbour, Sydney, Australia on 1 November 2013, Japan was elected as the host country for the 2016 WFAS Annual Conference. Thus, the 2016 WFAS Annual Conference will be held in Tokyo, and hosted by the Japan Society of Acupuncture and Moxibustion (JSAM) and Japanese Traditional Acupuncture and Moxibustion Society (JTAMS).<BR>In the election of Executive Members, Shuichi Katai was elected as vice-president of WFAS and Ikuro Wakayama and Naoto Ishizaki were elected as executive members. The term for executive members is four years. In addition, Kiichiro Tsutani, former vice-president of WFAS, was appointed as honorable vice-president, and Yukio Kurosu, former honorable vice-president, was appointed as advisor.<BR>Academic programs were carried out for three days from 2 November 2013. In the WFAS conferences usually more than half of the papers are presented in Chinese, but in Sydney, most papers were presented in English. There were one invited lecture and 13presentations from Japan.
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El trabajo procura situar las encrucijadas electivas que determinan la producción de la neurosis obsesiva. En función de delimitar "lo electivo" se lo opone a lo disruptivo en la historia del sujeto. Luego se articulan lo electivo y lo disruptivo en los caminos de formación de síntoma freudianos. Tomado como paradigma del tipo clínico en cuestión, se analiza el historial freudiano del Hombre de las Ratas procurando ubicar tales encrucijadas electivas.
The work tries to locate the elective crossroads that determinates the production of the obsessive neurosis. In order to delimitate "the elective" it is opposed to the disruptive in the history of the subject. After that, we articulate elective and the disruptive thing on the bases o f the freudian ways of symptom's building. Taken as a paradigm of the obsessive neurosis, the freudian case of the Man of the Rats is analyzed trying to locate such elective crossroads.
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Tipo de estudio: descriptivo en estudiantes de primer año de la Facultad de Estomatología de Villa Clara en el curso 2011-2012. Objetivo: determinar los factores motivacionales que influyeron en estos estudiantes para elegir la carrera. Universo: constituido por todos los estudiantes matriculados en la sede central. Muestra: se obtuvo mediante un muestreo aleatorio simple con el 50 % de los alumnos. Métodos: teóricos, empíricos y matemáticos. Resultados: el 50.9% de los ingresados a la carrera fueron del municipio Santa Clara; de éstos, el 49% acceden por preuniversitario, el resto por concurso. Entre ellos, el 51.6% declaran haber recibido conferencias orientadoras y solamente un estudiante del propio municipio señala participación en círculo de interés, el resto de los municipios no refieren haber recibido alguna orientación. Los factores motivacionales identificados en los estudiantes fueron el reconocimiento social representado por 22 (41.5%) y la familia o amistades 21 (39.6). Conclusiones: la mayoría de los estudiantes ingresaron por vía preuniversitario, y predominaron los del municipio Santa Clara. Se identificaron como factores influyentes el reconocimiento social y la influencia afectiva, la escasez de orientación y formación vocacional, y en mayor medida, la casi nula participación en círculo de interés. Por lo que proponemos el análisis en las enseñanzas media superior y superior, de factores como los ya descritos para que se desarrollen acciones con el fin de lograr una mayor motivación en los estudiantes.
Type of study: descriptive study in fresh more students of the Villa Clara Odontology Faculty in the academic year2011- 2012. Objective: to determine the motivational factors that influenced upon fresh more students to select the Odontology career. Universe: All the students registered in the central site. Sample: conglomerated and randomized sampling of 50% of the students of the groups. Method: a survey was applied to the students. Results: 50.9 % of the students are from Santa Clara, and 49% come from the pre- university, the rest entered through contest. 51.6% referred they had received orientation lectures in Santa Clara municipality and only one student participated in a special training and orientation group, the rest of the municipalities haven't received any orientation. The identified motivational factors that the students referred were the social recognition 22(41.5%) and the family or friendships 21(39.6) Conclusions: most of the students entered coming from the pre-university and the ones from Santa Clara municipality are predominant. It is stated the presence of motivational factors such as the social recognition and the affective influence, it is also stated the lack of orientation, vocational formation and in a greater extent the participation in special training and orientation groups.
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Running , Vocational Guidance , Oral Medicine , Professional Training , Study Guide , MotivationABSTRACT
OBJETIVOS: o artigo apresenta os resultados de uma pesquisa de monitoramento da mídia impressa brasileira para identificar as formas de enquadramento do tema do aborto durante o período de 6 de julho a 29 de outubro de 2010, período oficial da campanha eleitoral para a Presidência da República. METODOLOGIA: a partir do monitoramento de 28 veículos impressos de circulação nacional (jornais e revistas), a pesquisa recuperou 464 textos, dos quais 434 foram considerados válidos para o estudo, entre matérias, reportagens, notas, colunas de opinião, entrevistas e cartas de leitores. RESULTADOS: embora o aborto tenha sido amplamente citado na cobertura jornalística da mídia impressa brasileira durante a campanha eleitoral para a Presidência da República em 2010, em uma média de 4 textos publicados por dia, o enquadramento adotado para o tema não foi o da perspectiva da saúde pública. Dos 434 textos analisados, apenas 1 reportagem abordou explicitamente dados epidemiológicos relacionando o aborto à saúde da mulher. Nos demais textos, o agendamento do tema foi pautado mediante enquadramentos eleitorais associando-o à disputa dos candidatos pelos votos das comunidades religiosas e do eleitorado conservador.
OBJECTIVES: this article presents the results of research to monitor the Brazilian printed media in order to identify the stance of the abortion issue during the period from July 6 to October 29, 2010, which was the period of the official presidential campaign in Brazil. METHODOLOGY: based on the monitoring of 28 printed media vehicles (newspapers and magazines) with nationwide circulation, the research selected 464 texts, of which 434 were considered valid for the study. The media studied included stories, reports, notes, opinion columns, interviews and letters from readers. RESULTS: although abortion was widely mentioned in Brazilian news coverage of the presidential campaign in 2010, with an average of four texts published per day, the stance adopted for the issue was not from the standpoint of public health. Among the 434 texts analyzed, only one report explicitly addressed epidemiological data linking abortion to women's health. In the other texts, the positioning of abortion was guided by the electoral stance that associated it with the dispute for the votes of the religious communities and conservative voters.
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Female , Humans , Pregnancy , Abortion, Induced , Attitude , Government , Mass Media , Politics , Public Health , Public Opinion , BrazilABSTRACT
The new presidential administration of the Republic of Korea will be launched in February 2013. We hope that the Government effectively administers national affairs as well as health care affairs under the new paradigm. In this paper, I make three proposals for the new administration. First, the new government must overcome the wave of aging, the low birth rate, and low economic growth rate. The aging society increases health care demands, but the low birth rate and low economic growth rate decrease the capability to financially underwrite these demands. Furthermore, Korea faces the unification issue as the mission of the era. The economic burden of unification would be bigger than that faced by Germany. The government must prepare rapidly with a step-by-step plan for this approaching situation. Second, the new administration must solve the top-priority policy problems that are derived not only from the existing problems of the "garbage can model," but also from priority setting with an overall and systematic view. These top-priority health policy problems are the high suicide rate, over-utilization of doctors' visits and length of hospital stay, and high out-of-pocket health care fees. The extreme phenomenon of high out-of-pocket costs affects a high percentage of households with catastrophic medical costs, which is about 3%, the highest level among the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development countries. Third, the policy approach of the new administration must be not unilateral, but bilateral: efficiency and equity of policies, support and regulation of policy tool, demand-side and supply-side management of healthcare utilization, and service benefits and monetary benefits of Health Insurance. In the past, the main approach of healthcare policy has depended on regulation, supply-side control, and service benefits. The administration should pursue a balance of left and right approaches, regardless of which political party wins. I hope that the new government will overcome these challenges in a turbulent era, solve top-priority problems first, and approach all of this with a new paradigm as new wine must be poured into new wineskins.
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Humans , Aging , Birth Rate , Delivery of Health Care , Economic Development , Family Characteristics , Fees and Charges , Germany , Health Policy , Insurance, Health , Korea , Length of Stay , Religious Missions , Republic of Korea , Suicide , WineABSTRACT
Para precisar la relación entre la posición sexuada y el factor electivo hemos tomado algunos pilares teóricos que dan fundamento a tal factor electivo: la distinción entre juicio de atribución y juicio de existencia realizada por Freud, la lectura de los tres tiempos del Edipo distinguidos por Lacan y en la lógica del no-todo desarrollada años más tarde por éste.La lectura realizada de dos momentos de la enseñanza de Lacan y cierto desarrollo de sus lectores nos ha permitido verificar el énfasis que destaca efectivamente a la elección como factor determinante en la asunción de una posición sexuada del sujeto. La lectura minuciosa del Hombre de los Lobos permite poner a prueba esas elucubraciones y echa luz sobre las dificultades que acarrea la idea de elección sexual.
To clarify the relationship between the sexed position and the elective factor we have taken some theoretical underpinnings that give grounds for such elective factor: the distinction between attribution judgment and existence judgment by Freud, the reading of the three phases of Oedipus distinguished by Lacan and the logic of the not-all developed by him years later.The reading of the two moments of the teaching of Lacan and some development of its readers has allowed us to verify the emphasis that actually emphasizes election as a determining factor in the assumption of a sexed subject position. The careful reading of the Man of the Wolves allows us to test these speculations and sheds light on the difficulties involved the idea of sexual election.
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Humans , Case Reports , Sexuality/psychology , Psychoanalytic Theory , Oedipus Complex , PsychoanalysisABSTRACT
Objective To explore the effect of biliary obstruction caused acute acalculous cholecystitis (AAC) on ultrastructure of gallbladder interstitial cells of Cajal (ICCs),and the possible mechanism of impaired contraction of gallbladder smooth muscle. Methods Total 60 healthy adult guinea pigs were in this study. The guinea pigs AAC model was induced by common bile duct ligation (BDL). The guinea pigs were divided into five groups equally,including sham control group (Sham),BDL for 12 hours (BDL-12),24 hours (BDL-24),48 hours (BDL-48) and 72 hours (BDL-72)groups. The gallbladder specimens were collected by the end of study. Gallbladder pathological changes were observed with HE staining under light microscope. Three muscle strips were collected of each gallbladder,fixed in constant temperature water bath with different concentration of eight peptide cholecystokinin agonist (CCK-8,1010 mmol/L,10-9 mmol/L,10-8 mmol/L,10-7 mmol/L and 10-6mmol/L),acetylcholine (Ach,10-8 mmol/L,107 mmol/L,10-6 mmol/L,10-5 mmol/L,10-4 mmol/L)and potassium chloride (KC1) (60 mmol/L). The contraction activity of gallbladder muscle strips was recorded by tonotransducer. The ultrastracture changes of gallbladder ICC in sham,BDL-12 and BDL-72 groups was examined by transmission electron microscopy. Results There was no obvious inflammation in Sham and BDL-12 groups. Compared with sham group,there were significant differences of biology score of gallbladder in BDL-48 and BDL-72 groups (P＜0. 05). After adding CCK-8,Ach and KC1,the contraction amplitude of gallbladder muscle increased in each group,and in dose-dependent manner. Compared with sham group,the effect value of each other groups decreased significantly (P＜0. 05). Compared with sham group,the morphology of ICC changed in BDL-12group,and more obvious in BDL-72 group. Conclusion Biliary obstruction can induce AAC. At the earlier stage of ACC,the impaired contraction of gallbladder smooth muscle present even without gallbladder inflammation occurrence. ICC may play an important role in impaired contraction.
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En el presente artículo se aborda el análisis de la problemática del Sistema de Seguridad Social en Salud, centrándose en la problemática que se desprende de las relaciones del sistema con sus usuarios, aspecto éste que ha permanecido desatendido en los estudios y en los análisis sobre el tema. En particular se analizan los criterios y los aspectos determinantes que definen la elección de EPS (Entidades Promotoras de Salud) e IPS (Instituciones Prestadores de Servicios de Salud) por parte de los usuarios del régimen contributivo en la ciudad de Bogotá, prestando particular atención al ejercicio de la libre elección y la toma de decisiones informadas. El análisis de los resultados cualitativos y cuantitativos permite concluir que la información relevante disponible y el ejercicio de la libre elección son limitados.
This paper presents the analysis of the problems in Social Security and Health System due to the relations of the system with its users; problems that have been neglected in the studies and in the analyses on this subject. The determining criteria and aspects that define the election of Health Promotion Entities (EPS) and health providing institutions (IPS ) by the users of Bogota are analyzed whereby free election and an informed decision are pointed out. The analysis of the qualitative and quantitative results allows concluding that the available information and the exercise of the free election are limited.
No presente artigo analisa-se o Sistema de Seguridade Social em saúde concentrando-se na problemática que surge a partir das relações do sistema com os seus usuários, aspecto que tem sido negligenciado nos estudos e nas análises sobre o assunto. Em particular analisam-se os critérios e aspectos determinantes que definem a escolha da EPS (Entidades Promotoras de Saúde) e IPS (Instituições Prestadoras de Serviços de Saúde) pelos usuários do regime contributivo na cidade de Bogotá, com especial atenção ao exercício da liberdade de escolha e a tomada de decisão informada. A análise dos resultados qualitativos e quantitativos permite chegar à conclusão de que as informações relevantes disponíveis e o exercício da livre escolha são limitados.